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Shen Kuo
| Shen Kuo 沈括 | |
 Shen Kuo, a Chinese scientist famous for his concepts of true north and land formation, among others. (Modern artist's impression) | |
| Born | 1031 Qiantang |
|---|---|
| Died | 1095 Runzhou |
| Residence | Hangzhou, Xiamen, Kaifeng, Zhenjiang |
| Fields | Geology, Astronomy, Archaeology, Mathematics, Pharmacology, Magnetics, Optics, Hydraulics, Metaphysics, Meteorology, Climatology, Geography, Cartography, Botany, Zoology, Architecture, Agriculture, Economics, Military strategy, Ethnography, Music, Divination |
| Institutions | Hanlin Academy |
| Known for | Geomorphology, Climate change, Paleoclimatology, Atmospheric refraction, True north, Retrogradation, Camera obscura, Raised-relief map, fixing the position of the pole star, correcting lunar and solar errors |
| Religious stance | Daoism, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion |
Shen Kuo or Shen Kua (Chinese: 沈括; pinyin: Shěn Kuò; Wade-Giles: Shen K'uo) (1031–1095), style name Cunzhong and pseudonym Mengqi (now usually given as Mengxi) Weng,[1] was a polymathic Chinese scientist and statesman of the Song Dynasty (960–1279). Excelling in many fields of study and statecraft, he was a mathematician, astronomer, meteorologist, geologist, zoologist, botanist, pharmacologist, agronomist, archaeologist, ethnographer, cartographer, encyclopedist, general, diplomat, hydraulic engineer, inventor, academy chancellor, finance minister, governmental state inspector, poet, and musician. He was the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy in the Song court, as well as an Assistant Minister of Imperial Hospitality.[2] At court his political allegiance was to the Reformist faction known as the New Policies Group, headed by Chancellor Wang Anshi (1021–1086).
In his Dream Pool Essays (夢溪筆談; Mengxi Bitan) of 1088, Shen was the first to describe the magnetic needle compass, which would be used for navigation (first described in Europe by Alexander Neckam in 1187).[3][4] Shen discovered the concept of true north in terms of magnetic declination towards the north pole,[4] with experimentation of suspended magnetic needles and "the improved meridian determined by Shen’s [astronomical] measurement of the distance between the polestar and true north".[5] This was the decisive step in human history to make compasses more useful for navigation, and may have been a concept unknown in Europe for another four hundred years (evidence of German sundials made circa 1450 show markings similar to Chinese geomancer compasses in regards to declination).[6][7]
Alongside his colleague Wei Pu, Shen accurately mapped the orbital paths of the moon and the planets, in an intensive five-year project that rivaled the later work of the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546–1601).[8] To aid his work in astronomy, Shen Kuo made improved designs of the armillary sphere, gnomon, sighting tube, and invented a new type of inflow water clock. Shen Kuo devised a geological hypothesis for land formation (geomorphology), based upon findings of inland marine fossils, knowledge of soil erosion, and the deposition of silt.[9] He also proposed a hypothesis of gradual climate change, after observing ancient petrified bamboos that were preserved underground in a dry northern habitat that would not support bamboo growth in his time. He was the first literary figure in China to mention the use of the drydock to repair boats suspended out of water, and also wrote of the effectiveness of the relatively new invention of the canal pound lock. Although Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039) was the first to describe camera obscura, Shen was the first in China to do so, several decades later. Shen wrote extensively about movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng (990–1051), and because of his written works the legacy of Bi Sheng and the modern understanding of the earliest movable type has been handed down to later generations.[10] Following an old tradition in China, Shen created a raised-relief map while inspecting borderlands. His description of an ancient crossbow mechanism which he himself unearthed proved to be a Jacob's staff, a surveying tool which wasn't known in Europe until described by Levi ben Gerson in 1321.
Shen Kuo wrote several other books besides the Dream Pool Essays, yet much of the writing in his other books has not survived. Some of Shen's poetry was preserved in posthumous written works. Although much of his focus was on technical and scientific issues, he had an interest in divination and the supernatural, the latter including his vivid description of unidentified flying objects from eyewitness testimony. He also wrote commentary on ancient Daoist and Confucian texts.
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How to Make Sunscreen
Instructions
Difficulty: Moderately ChallengingThings You’ll Need:
- 6 oz liquid oil (such as olive oil or almond oil)
- 3 oz solid oil (such as shea butter or coconut oil)
- 1 oz beeswax
- 1 tsp titanium dioxide (active ingredient)
- 10 oz distilled water
- 2 qt saucepan
- 2 cp glass measuring cup
- Stove top
- Grater
- Jars to hold 20 oz of product
- Chopstick to stir
- Blender
- Rubber spatula
Set up the double boiler. Half-fill your saucepan with water. Set it to boil. When your ingredients are all together in the glass measuring cup, you will simply set the cup inside the pan--that way you can see what is going on inside and you have one less thing to clean in the end.
Step2
Clean your utensils and surfaces. You don't want any food particles in your sunscreen! I always run my fingertips over the countertop when I think I have done cleaning--my fingers always feel little pieces that my sponge has missed.
Step3
Grate your beeswax. I recommend picking up a new grater for this one as it will be impossible to clean afterward. You can simply store it with your beeswax for next time. Grating the beeswax is the hardest part. Be patient. Don't scrape your knuckles!
Step4
Measure your ingredients. You liquid carrier oils go first, then you can watch the level rise as you add the solid oils and beeswax. That is how you will know exactly how much you have added.
Step5
Melt your ingredients. Place the entire glass measuring cup and contents in the hot water bath. Turn the heat down to medium high. If the cup is floating or water is getting inside, pour off some of the hot water. The level of water should be about even with the level of ingredients.
Step6
Stir with a chopstick or the clean handle of a wooden spoon. Don't use a metal spoon as the titanium dioxide may decide to interact with it chemically. The titanium dioxide will tend to settle on the bottom, so you will want to keep this suspended as much as possible, especially at the end.
Step7
Pour 10 oz of distilled water into your waiting clean blender. If you have a lid with one of those removal plastic pieces in the middle, remove that piece. If not, then you will need to cover the top with a towel or a mit during the next step.
Step8
Remove the melted oils from the heat. You will need to use your hot pad. Turn on the blender--the water will whirl around. Pour the melted oils into the middle of the swirling water. Tadum! You have a sunscreen! An emulsion of water and oil with beeswax as your binder or emulsifier and titanium dioxide as your active ingredient!
Step9
You might want to turn off the blender to scrape the sides before turning it back on again. That way you can get a smooth consistency, without any beeswax-y or shea butter-y lumps on the sides.
Step10
Pour your product into the waiting jars, scraping with your rubber spatula. Do this while the product is still warm and relatively pourable. Wait until your product has cooled before you put the lids on, or you will have condensation on the inside of the jar. If you have cats or kids around, that might not be possible, but that's okay too. Step11 Label your jars. FDA requires that you list all ingredients in descending order, from most to least, that you have the city, state and zip of origin and the contact info for maker (that's you!). You don't need to do a label if you're not selling the product, but you might want to do it anyway: it looks good, and tells anyone who uses it what's inside. Not a bad idea.
